Despite its importance, Medicare can be a confusing topic. With deductibles, annual premiums, enrollment periods, qualifications, and more, there is a lot of information to keep track of, which can feel overwhelming. Sometimes, essential information falls through the cracks. Other times, correct information gets misconstrued and becomes widespread misinformation, creating even more confusion about what’s true and untrue about Medicare. There are real-world consequences for following Medicare myths, such as unexpected costs [1], late enrollment penalties [2], and delayed care [3]. Today, we’ll be debunking common myths to ensure that you feel confident in your knowledge about Medicare.

Top Medicare Myths that Cause Confusion (And the Facts That Debunk Them)

Myth 1: Medicare is free

Although Medicare is designed to reduce the costs of healthcare services for seniors, no part of Medicare is completely free [4]. The costs for each Medicare plan and part differ, which is why it’s important to understand your options and compare plans based on your individual circumstances. However, the common costs of Medicare are broken down into premiums, deductibles, and copays. A premium is the cost you pay monthly to receive your Medicare plan benefits [5]. A deductible is the amount of money you pay annually for Medicare to begin paying for your healthcare services [6]. Finally, a copay is a pre-determined cost of services that you must pay for Medicare to cover the rest [7]. 

There are also some “hidden costs” of Medicare that you may easily overlook. For example, Medicare Advantage plans offer lower monthly premium costs, but often have higher out-of-pocket costs [8]. Before choosing a plan,  review all the costs and speak with a Medicare professional to clear any confusion.

Myth 2: Medicare covers everything

Despite popular belief, Medicare does not cover everything. Depending on the plans you choose, certain services, providers, and medications may not be covered at all. Original Medicare, consisting of Part A and Part B, typically covers hospital care, doctor’s visits, medical tests, and preventive services [9]. Enrolling in supplemental coverage, like Medigap or Medicare Advantage plans, may offer additional benefits, like prescription drug coverage or lower out-of-pocket costs, depending on the plan.[10].

Myth 3: You can enroll anytime

Although special enrollment periods may open for eligible individuals with qualifying life events [11], there are set enrollment periods for Medicare. The Initial Enrollment Period, which is for individuals who are enrolling in Medicare for the first time, is open during the 3 months before they turn 65 years old, up until 3 months after the month they turn 65 [12]. For existing Medicare beneficiaries, the annual Open Enrollment Period in which they can switch plans takes place October 15-December 7 [12]. 

Unfortunately, missing deadlines and enrolling late can result in penalties, like additional payments [13]. Mark your calendar for your appropriate enrollment period to ensure you don’t miss it!

Myth 4: Medicare D isn’t worth it if you’re healthy

This couldn’t be further from the truth! Part of being healthy is actively maintaining your health, and for older adults, this often means taking medications as prescribed to control chronic conditions. Medicare Part D helps reduce the costs of medications [14] so that seniors can maintain their health without worrying about finances. 

Although Part D is optional, many people choose to enroll so they’re prepared if their medication needs change over time. Even if you don’t take any prescribed medications at the moment, you should still enroll in Part D in case your doctor prescribes you medications later on. Make sure to enroll in Part D during your enrollment period, or there may be late penalties [15].

For help navigating your comparison, use the Medicare “Compare Plans” tool.

Myth 5: You don’t need to review your plan annually

Many individuals believe that once they choose their Medicare plan, they are set for life. Although you are certainly allowed to stay on the same Medicare plan, there may be annual changes to plan costs [16] and coverage [17] that may not align with your health needs. This is why it’s essential to review your plan every year and assess it against your current needs. If your plan longer fits your health needs, you may want to explore other options to see what works best for you. Remember, there’s an annual enrollment period for Medicare that you don’t want to miss (to avoid late penalties). Mark this period on your calendar and set reminders to review your plans and make a potential change during this time.

How to Spot and Avoid Medicare Misinformation

Misinformation can spread quickly, especially when it comes to a topic as detailed and misunderstood as Medicare. This is why you should always check the source from which you are receiving information about Medicare. Are you hearing information from friends, unreliable online forums, or outdated websites? Verify these claims using reputable Medicare websites, such as the official Medicare site’s resources and information page.

Reliable Resources for Medicare Recipients During Open Enrollment

If you have questions about Medicare that aren’t answered on the resources and information page, it’s worth it to get personalized support through a Medicare broker. Medicare brokers can explain plan options and help guide you through the enrollment process so you can make decisions with confidence [18]. Before seeing a broker, make a list of questions to get the most out of your conversations. Consider topics that cause confusion or concern so they can help support you and guide you toward enrolling with confidence.

Build Confidence in Your Medicare Knowledge

Hopefully, these explanations cleared up some of the most prominent Medicare myths and helped you feel more confident about your Medicare knowledge. It’s always recommended to fact-check claims about Medicare by using the official website for reference or speaking to a broker. Seeking education in decision-making will help you feel more clear-headed and confident about Medicare enrollment and plan options, which may otherwise feel a bit overwhelming. With some effort and time, you’ll feel empowered and well-informed in your coverage decisions. For extra help and support on Medicare, visit Greater Good Health’s Medicare information page, or contact us today. You’ve got this!

The information shared is for educational purposes only and is not affiliated with or endorsed by the Medicare Program. For more information, visit www.Medicare.gov

References: 

1. https://www.ncoa.org/article/planning-ahead-how-to-avoid-the-unexpected-costs-of-medicare/ 
2. https://www.medicare.gov/basics/costs/medicare-costs/avoid-penalties 
3. https://www.managedhealthcareexecutive.com/view/over-90-of-medicare-and-medicaid-enrollees-experience-delays-or-barriers-to-care-according-to-survey 
4. https://www.uhc.com/news-articles/medicare-articles/5-medicare-myths-set-straight 
5. https://www.medicare.gov/basics/get-started-with-medicare/medicare-basics/what-does-medicare-cost 
6. https://www.ncoa.org/article/what-is-the-medicare-deductible/ 
7. https://www.ehealthinsurance.com/medicare/cost/copays/ 
8. https://www.medicare.org/articles/five-hidden-disadvantages-of-medicare-advantage-plans/ 
9. https://www.medicare.gov/providers-services/original-medicare 
10. https://www.ncoa.org/article/what-is-the-difference-between-medicare-advantage-and-medigap/ 
11. https://www.medicare.gov/basics/get-started-with-medicare/get-more-coverage/joining-a-plan/special-enrollment-periods 
12. https://www.medicare.gov/basics/get-started-with-medicare/get-more-coverage/joining-a-plan 
13. https://www.medicare.gov/basics/costs/medicare-costs/avoid-penalties 
14. https://www.medicare.gov/health-drug-plans/part-d 
15. https://www.medicare.gov/basics/costs/medicare-costs/avoid-penalties 
16. https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/2025-medicare-parts-b-premiums-and-deductibles 
17. https://www.medicare.gov/health-drug-plans/part-d/what-drug-plans-cover/how-drug-plans-work
18. https://www.ncoa.org/article/what-is-a-medicare-broker-and-why-should-you-consider-talking-to-one/

Sticking with your Medicare plan may seem like the easiest route. You spent a while researching your current plan, and it seems to work adequately for you, so why rock the boat? Although keeping your current plan may be right for you in the end, simply “staying put” without considering or reviewing your options can backfire and create issues if your plan costs or health needs change [1]. If you’re unsure about how to evaluate your current plan and decide whether you should switch, this blog post is for you. We’ll cover how to make an informed Medicare choice that supports both your health and your budget.

Why People Stick With Their Medicare Plan

There are many reasons why you may feel reluctant to switch to a new Medicare plan. There’s likely a sense of comfort that comes with knowing the ins and outs of your usual plan, and some fear that comes with an unfamiliar plan. Some common factors that play into people’s choice to stick with their current Medicare plan include:

• Behavioral factors, like a fear of change or the overwhelm that can come with an overload of information, may play into your hesitation to switch plans. You may be avoiding anxiety about making a big decision, whether the avoidance is conscious or subconscious. 
• Common misconceptions, such as the false belief that Medicare plans don’t change over the years, could be holding you back from making an informed decision. 
• Lack of awareness about available plans may make you stick with your current one, even though it may no longer meet your current health needs.

No matter what your holdup is, you can work past it with perseverance, resources, and knowledge.Let’s explore why reviewing your plan each year can help ensure it continues to support your health and peace of mind.

Hidden Costs of Staying Put With the Same Plan

Although you may think that the Medicare plan you’ve been on for years will stay the same, there are often changes each year that go unnoticed unless you review them carefully during the enrollment period. It’s helpful to be aware of these potential changes so you can understand how they may affect your coverage and budget. Some of these changes may include: 

1. Premium costs: Although premium costs don’t often drastically change, it is quite common for them to increase a bit over the years. For example, Medicare Part B beneficiaries paid $174.70 in monthly premiums in 2024, but this increased to $180 in 2025 [2]. This difference may seem minuscule to some, but for others, it could be a dealbreaker. 
2. Prescription drug formulary changes: A formulary is a list of prescription drugs covered by a health plan [3]. It’s essential to note that Medicare plans can modify their formularies at any time [4]. You will be notified of this change if it affects the medication you are taking, but it is something to consider when deciding whether to switch plans.
3. Provider networks or benefit changes: Your Medicare plan may change the healthcare providers it considers “in network” at any time [5]. This means that a doctor you’ve been seeing for years could suddenly not be covered by your insurance. Additionally, Medicare can make changes to benefits, like the initial coverage phase or coverage gap, which can affect how much you pay for your healthcare expenses [6].

When It Makes Sense to Reevaluate Your Medicare Coverage

If the previous factors have influenced your decision to consider switching Medicare plans, there is a right time to begin this process. You should review your plan options during the Annual Open Enrollment Period, which takes place October 15-December 7 [7]. The Annual Open Enrollment Period is the time you can join, switch, or drop Medicare plans, for which coverage will start January 1 [7]. 

Review your current plan versus other plans during this time (or a bit before, if you want to be extra prompt with changing enrollment). You’ll want to evaluate your health needs, like any emerging health conditions, new prescriptions, and preferred providers, before considering your options. This will help ensure you know exactly what you’re looking for in a plan based on your healthcare necessities. 

Certain “qualifying life events” may prompt a Medicare review and open the possibility for a Special Enrollment Period, during which you can make changes to your plan even outside the Open Enrollment Period [8]. Some of these qualifying life events include loss of existing healthcare coverage, moving to a new location, changes in income, and changes in family structure (divorce, new child, etc) [8].

How to Compare Medicare Plans

When comparing plan options, you should consider the following factors:

• Premiums: A premium is the cost you pay monthly to receive your Medicare plan benefits [9]. Premiums vary by plan and part, so consider these differences and your budget when comparing plans. 
• Deductibles: A deductible is the amount of money you pay annually for Medicare to start to pay for your healthcare services [10]. For example, if your deductible is $2,000, you’ll have to pay for your healthcare services until the cost reaches this amount. After it reaches this amount, Medicare will cover the majority of costs, and you’ll typically only have to pay a copayment or coinsurance. Just like premiums, deductibles also vary from plan to plan, so pay attention to this amount when comparing plans. 
• Copays: Copayments, or copays, are pre-determined costs of services that you must pay for Medicare to cover the rest [11]. 
• Drug Coverage: Different Medicare plans may cover different lists of prescription drugs, at different costs. It’s helpful to check whether the plans you’re considering include your current prescriptions on their list of covered drugs
• Network Size: Medicare plans also have varying healthcare providers considered “in-network” (meaning they are covered by the plan). You’ll want to assess whether the providers you want to continue seeing are in-network in any plan you consider. 
• Medigap vs Medicare Advantage: Many people get confused about the differences between these two plans, and why they can’t have both. Medigap is a supplemental insurance that helps cover out-of-pocket costs and requires that you are already enrolled in Medicare Part A and B [12]. On the other hand, a Medicare Advantage plan, also known as “Part C,” offers an alternative to Original Medicare and is offered by a private insurance company [13]. These plans bundle what is covered in Parts A, B, and D, plus some additional benefits. 

For help navigating your comparison, use the Medicare “Compare Plans” tool.

Medicare Enrollment Without the Stress

If you have decided to enroll in a different Medicare plan, here’s a stress-free timeline to follow:

1. Mark your calendar for the Open Enrollment Period if you are switching Medicare plans. It’s helpful to enroll during this time to make sure your new coverage starts on schedule.If you are enrolling in a Medicare plan for the first time, ensure you are doing so during the Initial Enrollment Period to avoid late penalties and fees. The Initial Enrollment period starts 3 months before you turn 65 years old and ends 3 months after the month you turn 65 [14]. 
2. Work with a licensed Medicare agent for assistance. If you are ever confused about the enrollment process or want help comparing plans, licensed Medicare agents are available to help. Search for local Medicare brokers near you for assistance. 
3. Compile a list of key questions you have before switching. Ensure you have the answer to all your questions before deciding to switch. You can either research the answers to the questions yourself or ask a broker.

Reviewing Your Medicare Plan Could Be the Smartest Financial Move You Make This Year

Taking the extra time to review your current Medicare plan concerning your healthcare needs can drastically alter your financial and health situation in the upcoming year. Make an annual review of your plan each enrollment period a yearly habit, just as important as paying your taxes or scheduling your annual physical exam. You should always feel confident in your Medicare decisions; for help getting to a place where you feel well-informed and content with your review, reach out for support today by contacting Greater Good Health. 

The information shares is for educational purposes only and is not affiliated with or endorsed by the Medicare program. For more information, visit www.Medicare.gov.

References: 

1. https://www.uhc.com/news-articles/medicare-articles/good-reasons-to-shop-for-a-new-medicare-plan
2. https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/2025-medicare-parts-b-premiums-and-deductibles 
3. https://www.goodrx.com/insurance/health-insurance/medication-formulary?srsltid=AfmBOoqWzz7mU92Tyd8Cfs-HGTMs8nYzwNoqEv3AxeBnxzXSD_K0OfMh 
4. https://www.medicare.gov/health-drug-plans/part-d/what-drug-plans-cover/how-drug-plans-work 
5. https://www.medicare.gov/publications/11941-understanding-your-medicare-advantage-plans-provider-network.pdf 
6. https://www.medicarerights.org/medicare-watch/2025/01/09/medicare-in-2025-key-changes-and-updates 
7. https://www.medicare.gov/basics/get-started-with-medicare/get-more-coverage/joining-a-plan 
8. https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/qualifying-life-event/ 
9. https://www.medicare.gov/basics/get-started-with-medicare/medicare-basics/what-does-medicare-cost 
10. https://www.ncoa.org/article/what-is-the-medicare-deductible/ 
11. https://www.ehealthinsurance.com/medicare/cost/copays/#:~:text=Medicare%20plans%20copays%20require%20you,you%20and%20the%20insurance%20provider. 
12. https://www.medicare.gov/health-drug-plans/medigap/basics/how-medigap-works 
13. https://www.medicare.gov/publications/12026-understanding-medicare-advantage-plans.pdf 
14. https://www.medicare.gov/basics/costs/medicare-costs/avoid-penalties
15. https://www.ncoa.org/article/what-is-the-difference-between-medicare-advantage-and-medigap/

Reviewed By: Rebecca Anderson, FNP-BC

We all know how rough catching the flu can be, and yet, flu season seems to sneak up on us every year without notice. Flu season, which typically occurs between October and May, is a time when seniors are at an extra high risk of serious health complications. The flu, or influenza, poses a greater risk for adults over 65, as they are more prone to health issues caused by the flu than younger adults [1]. For seniors, preventing the flu means more than avoiding a pesky illness—it can be life-saving. This blog post highlights the importance of the flu vaccination, other prevention strategies you can take, and some important tips to keep in mind for the upcoming flu season. 

Understanding Influenza Risk in Older Adults

Older adults who contract the flu often experience health issues other than typical flu symptoms. Compared with younger adults, they are at a significantly increased risk of hospitalization due to flu-induced complications like pneumonia, heart attack, and stroke [1]. The risk of death due to flu-related complications is 6 times higher among seniors [1]. This makes prevention and early treatment especially important in older adults.

There are many reasons behind seniors’ increased risk of flu-related complications. First, seniors’ immune systems generally decline with age, making them more susceptible to contracting the flu and experiencing more severe, prolonged symptoms [2]. Likewise, seniors also have a higher average number of chronic health conditions than younger individuals [3], which can be exacerbated by symptoms of influenza [4]. 

Unfortunately, there is a lot of misinformation spread about the flu and the need for vaccination and prevention. The myth that those who caught the flu last year are immune to it this year is particularly harmful [5], as it often keeps individuals from getting their yearly flu vaccination and taking preventative measures. These fast-spreading myths, combined with the fast-spreading flu, create a recipe for disaster when it comes to measures for keeping seniors safe. So, what can you do to ensure you are as protected as possible from the flu? Keep reading to learn more. 

Vaccination: The Foundation of Senior Flu Prevention

Senior-Specific Vaccine Options

Getting a yearly flu vaccination is essential, especially for seniors. Older adults have many options when it comes to flu vaccinations. 

First, there are standard-dose flu vaccines and high-dose flu vaccines. Standard-dose flu vaccines are the most common and are appropriate for most people under 65. High-dose flu vaccines, such as Fluzone High-Dose, contain four times more antigen than standard flu shots and are recommended for adults aged 65 and older to help boost immune response.[6]. 

Adjuvanted flu vaccines, such as Fluad, also target adults 65+ and include an adjuvant (an ingredient that stimulates a stronger immune response). This can be especially helpful for people with naturally weaker immune systems.[7]. Both high-dose and adjuvanted flu vaccines are proven to provide better protection for older adults compared to standard-dose versions.

The type of vaccine is not the only variable that matters when seniors get their flu shot. The timing of the vaccine also plays a large role in effectiveness. You should avoid getting the vaccine much earlier than flu season, if possible, as the protection may decrease as time passes [8]. The CDC recommends that seniors get their flu vaccines during September and October for optimal protection [8]. 

If these choices and timing considerations concern you, your doctor and pharmacist can help you make the best decisions regarding these options. It’s normal to have worries and questions, especially if you usually do not get the flu shot. However, protection against the flu is vital for your health. Talk to a healthcare professional to address your concerns and create a vaccination plan. 

Beyond the Shot: Maximizing Vaccine Effectiveness

There are a few vaccines all seniors should consider getting in addition to the flu vaccine. These vaccines help maximize your health benefits and avoid common illnesses [9]:

• Pneumococcal vaccine: Pneumonia is a serious lung infection and one of the leading causes of death among adults aged 65 and older, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths each year in the United States. [10]. The pneumococcal vaccine helps protect against pneumonia and other pneumococcal diseases, including meningitis and bloodstream infections. According to the CDC, all adults aged 65 and older should receive pneumococcal vaccination. Some adults younger than 65 with certain health conditions or risk factors may also be eligible.[9].Talk to your healthcare provider to determine which pneumococcal vaccine is right for you.
• Shingles vaccine: The CDC also warns seniors about the dangers of shingles, a condition caused by the same virus as the chicken pox. Many people think that shingles is a non-serious skin condition, but it actually affects the nerves and causes a slew of serious symptoms, like intense burning, pain, tingling, itching, and blisters. The shingles vaccine helps reduce the risk of shingles. Seniors should get the vaccine whether they’ve had chicken pox or not [9].
• Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough) vaccines: Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis are serious diseases caused by bacteria that most individuals are vaccinated for as children. However, they may forget that booster vaccines are needed as adults. It is recommended that the booster for this group of vaccines, called “Tdap,” is needed every 10 years [9].

After receiving a vaccine, whether it’s the flu shot or one of the additional vaccines above, you may feel tired or achy. This is normal—drink plenty of water and rest. If symptoms remain and bother you, contact your doctor [11]. Your arm will feel sore after the injection, and you may notice some redness and inflammation [11]. This is also typical. To avoid soreness, move your arm frequently to keep the blood flowing. 

In terms of what to avoid after getting a vaccination, there is a debate about this topic. Some healthcare professionals explain that it is fine to take pain relievers to reduce symptoms after a vaccine, but recommend waiting as long as possible before taking them [12]. Others advise against it completely [13]. Ask your doctor if you can take pain relievers or other medications to reduce your post-vaccine symptoms, and of course, pay attention to possible interactions with your other medications. 

Creating Protective Daily Habits During Flu Season

Despite the flu shot being extremely effective, it does not guarantee 100% protection from catching the flu. This is why it’s important to maintain daily habits that help reduce the chance of contracting the flu, especially during flu season:

• Wash your hands, and wash them well. Just washing your hands isn’t enough to help protect you from the flu and other illnesses. You must wash them properly to remove all germs and bacteria. To wash your hands correctly [13], start by wetting your hands. Turn off the faucet and lather your hands with antibacterial hand soap, scrubbing for at least 20 seconds. Get soap in all areas, including the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and even underneath your fingernails. Rinse your hands with water and dry them on a clean towel, or use an air dryer. If you don’t have access to a sink, use antibacterial hand sanitizer.
• Practice respiratory etiquette. By behaving a certain way when you cough or sneeze, you can reduce the chances of catching the flu or another illness, as well as spreading it to others. When you cough or sneeze, use a clean tissue to cover your mouth and nose, then throw it away [14]. If you don’t have a tissue, cough or sneeze into your elbow. Avoid coughing or sneezing into your hands, but if you do so by accident, wash your hands immediately after. 
• Disinfect high-touch surfaces in your home. You may be surprised by how many germs live on the surfaces of your home, even if you think you keep your house relatively clean. The kitchen, bathroom, and the surface of electronics are often the spots of the house with the most germs [15]. To reduce the chance of these germs entering your system and becoming the flu or another illness, regularly clean surfaces with soap and water. Then, disinfect them using a stronger bleach solution or another EPA-registered disinfecting product [16]. 
• Socialize safely. Your social decisions impact your risk of contracting the flu and other illnesses. It is best to avoid close contact with others during flu season, especially if they are exhibiting signs of sickness [17]. Don’t share food or drinks with others. If you plan on socializing in a confined area, consider wearing a face mask. Finally, if you are feeling symptoms of the flu or another illness, isolate yourself until you have recovered in order to protect others. 

Environmental Strategies for Reducing Exposure Risk

It may seem difficult to change your normal environments to reduce flu exposure risk, but there are a few simple steps you can take to protect yourself in most places. Cleaner air helps reduce your exposure to the flu [18]. To improve air quality in your home, let in fresh outside air by opening windows and using an air purifier. Before you have guests over to your home, ask them if they have had their flu shot and if they are exhibiting any symptoms of illness. You may think this is impolite, but most guests will understand that the risk of the flu is too high to risk it, especially if you are a senior or immunocompromised. 

You have a bit less control in public spaces and transportation, but you can still protect yourself by wearing a face mask and/or plastic gloves in these areas. Carry hand sanitizer with you wherever you go, and wash your hands immediately once you are home. You can also disinfect items that are likely to get dirty while you are out, like your cell phone or bag. 

Immune System Support Specifically for Seniors

A healthy and strong immune system is key for protecting against the flu, as well as recovering quickly from the flu without complications. Some habits seniors can incorporate into their daily routines to help strengthen the immune system include:

• Improve your diet. Studies have shown that the Mediterranean diet can help boost immune resilience, potentially reducing your risk of flu and its complications [19]. The Mediterranean diet consists primarily of plant-based foods and healthy fats, like fruits, vegetables, beans, lentils, nuts, omega-3-rich fatty fish, and natural cheeses [20]. Of course, you should always consult with your doctor before switching diets, but incorporating some of these foods into your grocery list may boost your immune system!
• Ensure you are hydrated. Not drinking enough water throughout the day can lead to dehydration, which has been shown to impair the immune system [21]. Carry a reusable water bottle with you and set reminders to hydrate regularly.
• Get good quality sleep. When you sleep, your body releases cytokines, proteins that help manage the immune system and keep it strong [22]. To ensure you get enough sleep each night, create a calming, electronic-free bedtime routine and implement sleep aids, like earplugs, eye masks, and blackout shades, when necessary. 
• Manage stress effectively. We all get stressed from time to time, but prolonged exposure to significant stress can negatively impact the immune system and weaken it over time [23]. Incorporate stress-reduction techniques into your daily routine, such as meditation, mindfulness, therapy, yoga, or breathwork.  

Early Detection: Recognizing Flu Symptoms in Older Adults

To know if you have the flu, you must understand the early signs and symptoms. Early flu symptoms include extreme fatigue, body aches, chills, cough, sore throat, fever, and stomach issues [24]. If you feel any of these symptoms, it should strike an alarm that you may have caught the flu, and you should get tested by a medical professional. However, you may feel confused by how many of these symptoms overlap with common signs of a cold, like sore throat, cough, and body aches [25]. Although these symptoms overlap, flu symptoms often feel more severe than cold symptoms [26]. You are also not likely to experience a runny or stuffy nose if you have the flu, but this is a common feature of a cold. 

Some people may experience an unlikely presentation of the flu, especially seniors [27]. Typically, people get a fever when they have the flu. However, seniors often do not experience a fever, which makes it harder for them to tell that something is wrong and that they should see a doctor [28]. This is why monitoring for other symptoms is so important. 

Seniors should see a doctor for the flu as soon as possible, or should call for emergency help if they are experiencing symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, dizziness that does not stop, or seizures [29]. 

Emergency Action Plan: When to Seek Immediate Care

• Know the Warning Signs: Seek emergency care if you or your loved one experiences any of the following:
  • Chest pain, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing
  • Sudden confusion or difficulty speaking
  • Signs of stroke or heart attack
  • High or low blood pressure with concerning symptoms
  • Severe pain, dizziness, or fainting
• Don’t Go Alone: If safe and feasible, have a caregiver, family member, or friend accompany you to the urgent care or emergency room.
• Be Prepared to Communicate the Following:
  • Current symptoms and when they started
  • Pre-existing medical conditions
  • All medications being taken (including supplements)
  • Any known allergies or recent changes in health
• Create a Transportation Plan in Advance: Identify who will drive you or call for emergency transport and share this plan with your caregiver or family. Remember to keep emergency contact numbers and your medication list easily accessible.
• Keep Documents Ready: Store a printed list of medications, allergies, and medical history in a wallet or near the door and include copies for caregivers or family members.

Special Considerations for Seniors with Chronic Conditions

If you have a medical condition and contract the flu, there are some special considerations you should take to maintain your health. Individuals with diabetes, whether type 1, type 2, or gestational, are unfortunately more likely to experience flu complications [30]. The flu may also affect blood sugar levels because you are not able to eat or drink as much [31]. Ask your doctor about the best plan, but they may recommend that you monitor your blood sugar levels more closely.

The flu can also affect blood pressure, heart rate, and overall heart function, putting those with heart conditions at increased risk for serious complications [32]. Similarly, flu symptoms can exacerbate lung disease and make breathing more difficult, raising the risk of complications among individuals with lung conditions [33]. It is recommended that people with heart or lung conditions stock up on their regular medications before flu season, in case they are unable to obtain them while sick [34]. They should also be extra aware of any changes to breathing and alert them to their doctor or an emergency medical professional [34]. 

Individuals with chronic kidney disease also have a higher risk of severe flu complications, as the disease weakens the immune system and makes it more challenging to fight off the flu [35]. They should also create a medication plan ahead of flu season and contact their doctor immediately if they experience complications. 

Finally, the flu can exacerbate autoimmune conditions because the immune system has to work harder to manage symptoms [36]. Individuals with autoimmune conditions should prepare early for flu season and create a plan with their doctor to boost their immune system as much as possible before this time. Make sure you are eating a nutrient-rich-dense diet, exercising regularly, and taking necessary vitamins—all with your doctor’s insight, of course [36].

Community Resources for Enhanced Flu Protection

When it comes to flu prevention, you are never in it alone. Many seniors are working through the same prevention strategies, which is why there are services and programs out there to support you. Check if your local senior center has a flu prevention program—some senior centers may offer free flu shots, masks, and/or other resources. Many pharmacies also offer convenient access to free flu shots—including flu shots specifically for seniors—as well as expert pharmacist insight on the flu vaccine. 

If you are unable to travel to a senior center or pharmacy that offers flu vaccinations, there may be the option to utilize home health services. Depending on your location, there may be a program that administers at-home flu shots to seniors who are unable to leave their homes [37]. 

Finally, online and telephone resources are available to help support you during flu season. Never hesitate to call your doctor or schedule a telehealth appointment to talk about flu prevention and vaccine options. 

Creating Your Personalized Flu Defense Strategy

The flu can be dangerous and cause serious health complications among seniors. Luckily, though, there is a wealth of information, resources, and support out there for helping prevent the flu among this high-risk group. Take advantage of these available resources and prioritize creating a prevention plan ahead of flu season. You can even make a weekly flu prevention checklist to help keep you on track. Stay diligent, and stay safe! 

References: 

1. https://www.nfid.org/infectious-diseases/flu-and-older-adults/ 
2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6939636/ 
3. https://www.ncoa.org/article/get-the-facts-on-healthy-aging/
4. https://www.nfid.org/infectious-diseases/flu-and-chronic-health-conditions/ 
5. https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/featured-topic/6-common-flu-misconceptions 
6. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/expert-answers/fluzone/faq-20058032 
7. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccine-types/adjuvant.html 
8. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/65over.htm 
9. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/immunizations-and-vaccines/vaccinations-and-older-adults 
10. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/learn-about-pneumonia#:~:text=Pneumonia%20is%20a%20leading%20cause,over%20the%20age%20of%2065. 
11. https://www.adventisthealth.org/blog/what-to-do-before-and-after-your-flu-shot 
12. https://newsroom.uw.edu/video-library/can-you-take-pain-relievers-post-covid-19-vaccine 
13. https://www.cdc.gov/clean-hands/about/index.html 
14. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/prevention/hygiene.html 
15. https://intermountainhealthcare.org/blogs/germiest-places-in-your-home-might-surprise-you 
16. https://www.cdc.gov/hygiene/about/when-and-how-to-clean-and-disinfect-your-home.html 
17. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevention/actions-prevent-flu.html 
18. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/prevention/air-quality.html 
19. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/10/1685 
20. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/16037-mediterranean-diet 
21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38932732/ 
22. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3256323/ 
23. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/what-happens-when-your-immune-system-gets-stressed-out 
24. https://www.healthline.com/health/cold-flu/early-flu-symptoms#gastrointestinal-problems 
25. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12342-common-cold 
26. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/coldflu.html 
27. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html 
28. https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/flu/ltc/fluelderly.html 
29. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/expert-answers/flu-symptoms/faq-20057983 
30. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/diabetes.html 
31. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/living-with/managing-sick-days.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/managing/flu-sick-days.html 
32. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/support/practical-support/flu-and-your-heart-condition 
33. https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/31/health/flu-body-effects-partner 
34. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/heartdisease.html 
35. https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/prevention/chronic-kidney-disease-and-flu.html
36. https://www.ariaintegrative.com/2017/10/10/flu-viruses-affect-autoimmune-diseases/

Reviewed By: Rebecca Anderson, FNP-BC

When it comes to taking care of your health as a senior, staying on top of your self-screening routine is key. Although healthcare professionals are there to give screening tests and predict which health issues to look out for, you play an equally important role in this process. Self-monitoring and screening don’t replace professional healthcare, but they complement it by giving an extra layer of caution and protection. Don’t know where to start? We’ve got you. In this guide, you’ll learn all about the purpose and process of self-screening, helpful tools to use, and the types of screenings you should do. 

Understanding the Purpose and Limitations of Self-Screening

Self-screening, also called self-monitoring or self-testing, is the process of assessing whether you may have signs of a certain condition at home [1]. If you notice any warning signs during a self-screening, bring them to the attention of your healthcare provider for a thorough examination. 

Self-screenings help identify areas of concern that you should get checked out by a professional. For example, if someone finds a lump in their breast while doing a breast cancer self-screening exam, that lump signifies that they should get a mammogram or breast ultrasound for further information. Self-screenings cannot provide a definite diagnosis of a disorder or condition without the help of a healthcare professional. Do not self-diagnose; if you discover something concerning while self-screening, see your doctor for a professional opinion [2]. 

Essential Tools for Effective Self-Screening

The type of tools necessary for effective self-screenings depends on the conditions for which you are screening. Some common self-screening exams and the tools they require include: 

• Self-screening or monitoring for hypertension (high blood pressure) [3]: If you are at risk for hypertension, using a blood pressure monitor for self-screening or self-monitoring at home can be helpful. Bring results to your doctor for a formal diagnosis, or track your results to provide your doctor more information about an existing diagnosis. 
• Self-screening or monitoring for chronic conditions affecting weight [3]: Using a digital scale to help track changes to your weight can alert you to warning signs of many chronic conditions, which you should bring up with your healthcare provider. 
• Self-screening for sleep disorders [4]: Smart watches can capture your sleep patterns, which may provide insight into possible sleep disorders. Track your sleep and consult with your doctor if you have concerns. 
• Self-screening for skin cancer [5]: You can self-screen for skin cancer by looking for lumps, bumps, discoloration, or other areas of concern using a full-length mirror and a hand-held mirror. Take note of any areas you’d like to discuss with your doctor. 

Similar to smart watches, there are other digital tools available for tracking your health metrics and providing more data for screening. Some of these tools include:

• Pedometers, which track your steps [6]
• Food-tracking apps, which keep track of your meals, hydration, and calories [6]
• Electrocardiogram sensors, which track your heart rate and activity [6]
• Fall detectors, which detect if you have fallen [6]

With the help of these tools and self-screening exams, you’ll be on top of your health and ready to report any possible issues to your doctor. 

Physical Health Self-Screening Techniques

Cardiovascular Health Assessment

When monitoring blood pressure, there are a few best practices to make yourself aware of. First, make sure you have the proper equipment. According to the American Heart Association, using an automatic, cuff-style, upper arm (biceps) monitor is best for this [7]. Next, plan a time to monitor your blood pressure when you haven’t had coffee, alcohol, or exercised within 30 minutes before monitoring. Place the cuff on the bare upper arm at heart level and follow the instructions that come with the monitor to take the measurement. This will also measure pulse rate. It’s best to keep a blood pressure log to assess changes. 

To monitor pulse rate and heart rhythm, use a heart rate monitor [8]. Depending on the type of monitor, you’ll wear this either around your wrist, forearm, or finger. Record your results and bring them to your doctor’s appointment. 

When monitoring for cardiovascular conditions, certain symptoms should be considered red flags. Contact your doctor right away if you experience: sudden or significant changes in blood pressure or heart rate (very high, very low, or irregular), shortness of breath, especially at rest or when lying down, chest pain or pressure, swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet, unexplained or rapid weight gain (e.g., more than 2–3 pounds in a day or 5 pounds in a week), lightheadedness, dizziness, or fainting, or excessive fatigue or sweating without exertion[9]. These symptoms—and others—may be signs of a serious cardiovascular condition. 

Skin Health Examination

To self-screen for skin conditions, thoroughly check all areas of your skin for lumps, bumps, discoloration, rashes, itching, and other abnormalities [10] using a hand mirror, full-length mirror, and/or the help of a loved one. Think of the acronym “ABCDE” to know what to look for [10]:

• Asymmetry: Is one side of the area of concern shaped differently than the other?
• Border: Is the border of the area of concern uneven or jagged? Does it have poorly defined edges? 
• Color: Are there multiple or uneven colors within the area of concern?
• Diameter: Is the area of concern larger than a pencil eraser? Has it grown larger over time?
• Evolution: Has the area of concern changed in size, color, or shape? 

Take note of areas of concern so you can bring them up with your primary care doctor or dermatologist, and/or take photos of the areas for reference (if you are comfortable). 

Some skin red flags that require immediate medical attention are bleeding bumps that don’t go away, visible veins or blood vessels, discoloration, changes in nail appearance, and slow-healing wounds [11], to name a few. 

Mental Health Self-Assessment Approaches

There are many tools and resources to help you self-assess mental health conditions and concerns at home. Mental Health America (MHA) has screening questionnaires you can fill out before visiting a primary care physician to give you a better idea of your signs and symptoms [12]. You can also track your mental health by writing down any concerning thoughts or feelings each day and bringing them to your doctor. 

Sleep is very connected to mental health, and poor sleep quality can exacerbate the symptoms of many mental health disorders [13]. Because of this, you may want to self-screen for sleep disorders if you are struggling with both sleep and mental health. 

Self-screening and monitoring cognitive function is also important, especially for older adults, who often experience a natural decline in cognition with age [14]. To assess cognitive functioning, ask your doctor about their recommendations for at-home cognitive tests. 

Specialized Self-Screening for Common Health Concerns

• Diabetes risk assessment: To monitor your blood sugar levels and self-screen for diabetes, use a blood glucose testing kit from your local pharmacy [15]. The kit should include test strips, lancets (small needles used to prick your finger to draw blood), and a booklet to log your levels. Follow the instructions and bring your results to your next doctor’s appointment. 
• Breast self-examination: To self-screen for breast cancer, lie down and gently but firmly check the entire breast area (including the armpit) for lumps, knots, or any other abnormalities—even if they aren’t painful [16]. If you find any, notify your doctor and have them do a formal exam. 
• Testicular self-examination: To check for testicular cancer, in the shower, gently check the surface of the testicles for lumps, bumps, swelling, or any abnormalities—even if they aren’t painful [17]. Discuss any abnormalities with your doctor. 
• Respiratory health self-assessment: To screen for respiratory conditions, like asthma, ask yourself these self-assessment questions from Mount Sinai [18] about your breathing. If you answer “yes” to any of the questions, alert your doctor at your next appointment. 
• Digestive health tracking: To screen for digestive health issues, take the World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) questionnaire [19] and discuss your answers with your doctor. 

Creating a Personalized Self-Screening Schedule

You may wonder how often you should self-screen for health conditions. There isn’t one correct answer—the frequency of self-screening depends on your risk for developing certain health conditions. However, as a general rule of thumb, you should self-screen more regularly as you age, since older adults are at higher risk for chronic conditions [20]. Ask your doctor about the specific conditions you should self-screen based on your health history. Certain factors may affect this, like family history, pre-existing conditions, and gender. Some common conditions that older adults should get regular screenings for include, but are not limited to, high blood pressure, vision issues, cancer (breast, cervical, lung, skin, etc.), and high cholesterol [21]. You can self-screen for most of these conditions, but ask your healthcare provider for specific advice and directions. 

To make self-screening easier to remember, integrate it into your regular routines. For example, if your doctor recommends a monthly skin check for skin cancer, try associating it with an existing routine or habit. For example, each month when you pay your credit card statement, remember to perform a skin check. If your self-screening schedule isn’t as frequent, associate it with an activity you only do yearly, like filing taxes or spring cleaning your garage. Remember, any concerns you find during self-screening require professional follow-ups. Try scheduling your monthly or yearly appointments in advance. When you receive the reminder that your appointment is approaching, this can also act as a reminder to perform self-screening.  

Technology-Enhanced Self-Screening Options

When it comes to technology-based screening tests, it’s important to understand the pros and cons. Technology-enhanced screening options can become popular quickly, but reliability and accuracy must be the top priority—and some of these options may fall short in this department. 

Wearable health monitors, like smartwatches and pedometers, give us a hands-free option to easily track health data, such as step count, heart rate, and sleep habits. They are small and convenient, allowing us to transfer data from the device to a smartphone for later reference. However, many of these wearable devices have a short battery life and inaccurate data measurements [22], which is why it’s important to do research, ask for personal recommendations, and read reviews about which wearable device to purchase. 

Smartphone-based screening tools often rely on wearable device data and self-questionnaires to screen for health conditions. These tools can create detailed, personalized recommendations based on your results. However, because they are based on self-reflection, inaccuracies may be created due to bias or a lack of understanding about your symptoms. 

Finally, home test kits are often accessible and affordable, as they can typically be purchased at your local pharmacy without a prescription. These tests tend to be simple, coming with short and easy-to-understand instructions anyone can follow. However, at-home test kits can have inaccurate results, possibly leading to a delay in diagnosis or treatment [23]. This is why you should not rely solely on at-home test kits—always get professionally tested for health conditions by your doctor. 

Interpreting Your Results: From Data to Action

To understand your self-screening results, you first must have a general understanding of what is typical vs abnormal for what you’re testing. For example, if you are self-screening for high blood pressure, you should know that a systolic (top number) reading of 120 or higher and a diastolic (bottom number) reading of 80 or higher signifies that you may have elevated or high blood pressure [24]. If you don’t have this prior knowledge, you wouldn’t know exactly what these numbers mean and if they should warrant a conversation with your doctor. This is the same for all self-screening tests—you must first know the warning signs to look out for before starting the test to make the best use of your results.  

A pattern of abnormalities should likely strike more alarm than isolated abnormalities. For example, if you experience a headache one day, but it goes away and doesn’t lead to any other symptoms, there is likely no reason to be concerned that it’s a sign of a more serious condition. However, if you experience persistent headaches that do not subside, it may be a sign of a condition, and you should consult a professional. Some isolated instances, though, should be of concern or warrant an examination. These include, but are not limited to, abnormal lumps, bumps, or growths, intense and painful headaches, chest pain that radiates into your jaw or back, anaphylactic allergic reactions, and unusual bleeding without cause [25]. 

Health professionals base many of their treatment plan decisions on their documentation of your health over the years. This is why it is important to share your documentation from self-screening with them so they can incorporate this data into their consideration. Instead of interpreting your results, bring them to your healthcare provider so they can make more informed and educated decisions about your health. 

When to Seek Professional Medical Evaluation

Let’s break down urgent vs non-urgent concerns when it comes to what you find in self-screenings. As mentioned previously, if you find anything that is causing significant pain, alarm, or disruption to your life, alert your healthcare provider immediately. Abnormal symptoms that arise suddenly, like sharp pain, swelling, bleeding, weakness, or numbness, are signs that a serious reaction or medical emergency is occurring [25]—contact 911 immediately. Non-urgent concerns may not be emergencies, but are still important to get checked. Make a prompt appointment with your healthcare provider for a professional examination. 

To communicate your self-screening findings, provide your findings in as much detail as possible to your doctor. Describe the area of concern—when you noticed the abnormality, how it feels, how long it has lasted, the frequency of your symptoms, etc. Discuss prior conditions or risks, as well as all medications you are taking, as these may have affected the area of concern. If you have seen a specialist for a health concern, make sure their notes are shared with your primary care physician, as this can help make a more conclusive and detailed diagnosis and treatment plan. 

Self-Screening for Special Populations

Certain factors play into the frequency and types of screenings you should receive. Family history of a condition can drastically increase your risk of developing that condition—it can even increase the chances of developing that condition earlier than expected [26]. Alerting your healthcare provider of your family history will help them make better considerations for necessary screenings, assessments, and treatments based on your risk [27]. Make sure you have a decent knowledge of your family history so that you can provide as much information as possible to your doctor. If possible, ask your family members for their health history. 

Your background may also play into your risk for certain health conditions. Certain groups of people are more susceptible to specific health conditions than others. For example, studies have shown that Black individuals—Black women, in particular—experience hypertension at significantly higher rates than Caucasian men and women [28]. Research has shown that this is likely due to the detrimental amounts of chronic stress Black individuals have faced over generations of discrimination and structural racism [28]. This is similar for other groups. Hispanic individuals are at a significantly higher risk for obesity, diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease, and liver disease than Caucasian individuals, primarily due to social determinants of health [29]. These implications must be taken into account by both the individual and their healthcare provider when screening and treating health conditions.

Building Your Comprehensive Self-Screening System

Understanding your responsibility to self-screen for health conditions—especially those you are at risk for—is a vital step in advocating for your health. With the help of screening tools, your support system, and your healthcare team, you can monitor your health effectively and proactively. Self-screening and professional medical care are a balance, working hand-in-hand to create a screening and care plan fit to your specific needs and risks. 

References:

1. https://www.summahealth.org/flourish/entries/2023/06/5-preventive-health-checks-you-can-easily-do-at-home 
2. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/dangers-of-self-diagnosis 
3. https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/advise-me/6-health-monitoring-tools-every-home-should-have 
4. https://comprehensivesleepcare.com/2024/12/09/smartwatches-great-for-sleep-tracking-not-diagnosing-sleep-disorders/ 
5. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/find/check-skin 
6. https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/7-ways-wearable-technology-can-help-you-reach-your-health 
7. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-blood-pressure-readings/monitoring-your-blood-pressure-at-home 
8. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/23429-heart-rate-monitor 
9. https://www.swswchd.co.uk/image/page/RED%20FLAGS%20for%20cardiac%20patients%20in%20community%20(3).pdf 
10. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/find/at-risk/abcdes 
11. https://time.com/7260509/weird-dermatology-symptoms-skin-cancer/ 
12. https://screening.mhanational.org/screening-tools/ 
13. https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/news/how-sleep-deprivation-affects-your-mental-health 
14. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4906299/ 
15. https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/home-blood-sugar-testing 
16. https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-self-exam/ 
17. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/testicular-cancer/how-to-perform-a-testicular-selfexam-advice-from-urologist-nirmish-singla 
18. https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/respiratory-institute/treatments/asthma/quiz 
19. https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/forms/health-test.php 
20. https://www.cdc.gov/cdi/indicator-definitions/older-adults.html 
21. https://www.goodrx.com/health-topic/senior-health/health-screenings-ages-65-and-older?srsltid=AfmBOoosS76586jbbhiR29wQaaILHKvwE0ROEPXlBP_v0GfFx2XJY6B7 
22. https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/wearables/pros-and-cons-of-wearable-technology/1/ 
23. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/at-home-tests-help-or-hindrance 
24. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-blood-pressure-readings 
25. https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/18-signs-and-symptoms-you-should-never-ignore 
26. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK115560/ 
27. https://www.chenmedicalcenters.com/articles/6-preventive-screenings-seniors-should-prioritize 
28. https://www.heart.org/en/news/2021/04/15/the-link-between-structural-racism-high-blood-pressure-and-black-peoples-health
29. https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/common-hispanic-health-issues

Reviewed By: Laureen Lopez Berry, DNP, FNP-C

Multiple prescriptions, busy days, and a tendency for forgetfulness do not mesh well in the world of medication management. It’s quite easy to lose track of which medications you need to take, which you have already taken, and where you placed your medication bottles. Research shows that almost 50% of seniors struggle with managing their medications due to issues with administration, sticking to a schedule, access, and more [1]. Although many can relate to the struggle of properly organizing and managing their medications, it is not a subject to take lightly. Medication management is one of the most important skills seniors can possess to ensure that they properly treat their conditions. This not only keeps seniors healthy and safe but can also impact their overall quality of life and sense of independence. Let’s learn more about the dos and don’ts of medication management for older adults, as well as some tips and tricks for becoming a medication management expert. 

Understanding the Challenges: Why Medication Management Gets Complicated

You may think that remembering to take your medication every day is simple enough, but there is often more to it than meets the eye. This can get complicated for several reasons: 

• Polypharmacy, or taking multiple medications at the same time, can make managing your prescriptions confusing. Adults over 60 years old who take more than one medication at a time are at risk for drug interactions, oversedation, dizziness that can lead to falls, and other complications [2]. They may also continue to take a medication prescribed to them in the past that is no longer needed, which increases the risks for dangerous health effects [3]. 
• Age-related factors can affect medication processing. The combination of the natural effects of aging, existing conditions that are more prevalent among seniors, and side effects puts seniors at high risk for age-related medication complications [4]. 
• Common barriers to medication adherence can make managing medications difficult for seniors. These barriers include a lack of understanding about the prescription and side effects, unclear instructions on administration, improper handling and storing, low health literacy, and a lack of support [5]. 
• Cognitive changes that often arise with age [6] may increase forgetfulness or a sense of clarity. This can make seniors confused about how to take their medications, where they last put them, how often to take them, and even what conditions they have. 

Essential DOs: Medication Management Best Practices

Medication Reconciliation and Documentation

The first step of successfully managing your medications is knowing exactly what you take and for what conditions. To accomplish this, create a complete medication list of every prescribed medication, over-the-counter medication, herbal supplement, and vitamin you take. Include essential information about each medication, including how often it should be taken, for what condition or ailment, and any side effects you should be aware of. Update this list often; add any new medications you start taking and cross off any medications you stop taking. 

While creating this list, questions about prescriptions may arise. Contact your healthcare provider for more information about these prescriptions and answers to your questions. You may also find the answer to your question on your prescription, such as the dose prescribed and administration instructions. Although paper prescriptions are traditional, digital medication documentation has become popular in recent years. Electronic prescriptions and digital medication documentation work like physical paper prescriptions, except they reduce the risk of errors due to illegible handwriting, expedite the time it takes for pharmacies to receive and start filling the prescription, and improve patient safety by automatically flagging contraindications between medications within the electronic system [7]. 

Organization Systems That Work

If your drawers and cabinets are filled to the brim with medication bottles, it’s time to find a more effective organization system. The method of organization that works best for you depends on how many medications you take and how often. Still, people tend to gravitate toward daily, weekly, and monthly pill organizers. Daily pill organizers work best for individuals who take different pills at different times of the day [8]. They typically have three compartments: one for the morning, one for midday, and one for night. You can store all the pills you take in the morning in the first compartment, the ones you take midday in the second compartment, and the ones you take at night in the last compartment. The downside is that you must take the time to fill the daily pill organizer every day before you take your medication. 

Weekly pill organizers typically have seven compartments: one for each day of the week. The perk of this organizer is that you only have to fill it once at the start of the week, but the downside is that it may not be suitable for complex pill regimens [8]. Finally, monthly pill organizers have 31 compartments and only need to be filled once a month—but, again, they may not work well for complex regimens. 

To ensure you don’t forget to take your medications, it’s a good idea to set up reminders. If you constantly have your mobile phone with you, consider setting repeating alarms or reminder notifications for when it is time to take your medications, and be sure to clarify what medication needs to be taken. Suppose you are not on electronics a lot. In that case, it may be more effective to set visual reminders, such as placing your pill organizer on your nightstand or bathroom counter where you will see it every morning, or placing a sticky note reminder on your fridge. For complex medication regimens, write out the full regimen in detail and place the schedule in a location where you’ll see it often. 

Critical DON’Ts: Medication Management Pitfalls to Avoid

There are a few big “DON’Ts” to avoid at all costs when it comes to medication management. First, never adjust your medication dosage without speaking with your healthcare provider first. If you believe you don’t need to take as much (or any) of the medication anymore, speak with your healthcare provider for their professional advice before reducing or stopping the dose [9]. Likewise, always talk to your healthcare provider before increasing the dose, as this can lead to dangerous and potentially fatal reactions [10]. 

How you store your medications is also an integral part of safe medication management. Each medication has guidelines on storage recommendations, but typically, medications should be stored in cool and dry places, away from sunlight [11]. Optimal storage temperatures range from 59-77 degrees Fahrenheit, and if you store the medication in a temperature outside of this range, you could risk decreased effectiveness [11]. 

Another major “don’t” is sharing or borrowing another person’s medication. Perhaps you forgot to pick up your prescription from the pharmacy in time, but your friend takes a similar medication. Or maybe you want to save the cost of a doctor’s appointment by borrowing your friend’s medication for a condition you have. Although these scenarios may be tempting, it is extremely dangerous to borrow and share medications. Borrowing and sharing medications can increase the risk for harmful side effects, complications, dosing errors, and a delay in seeking personalized healthcare [12]. 

Finally, a pitfall you should be aware of is the potential danger of cutting pills. Splitting pills to half the dose is common, but there are a few things to look out for when doing this. First, always check with your doctor or pharmacist before deciding to cut a pill. Some pills are not meant to be cut in half. Typically, only pills with a score line across them should be split, although not all of these are intended to be cut [13]. If your doctor or pharmacist confirms that your pills can be divided, it’s important to use a pill splitter to do so. Never use a knife or try to break the pill in half yourself. It’s always best practice to speak to a healthcare professional about the specific medication before splitting it so they can decide if it’s appropriate and teach you how to go about this. 

Working Effectively with Healthcare Providers

Before your next appointment with your healthcare provider, update your medication list and write down any questions you have about your prescriptions. This is the perfect time to clarify concerns about storage, administration, or reducing the amount of medications you take. If you see multiple physicians for different conditions, provide their information to your primary care physician so they can coordinate care and create a medication plan that works best for you. 

Technology Solutions for Enhanced Medication Management

In recent years, technological advancements have made medication management easier for seniors. For example, medication reminder apps like Dosecast and medication/prescription management apps like Medisafe help you stay on top of tracking your daily medications and prescriptions, so you can feel confident and organized. 

To alleviate the burden of unscrewing bottles of medication with pesky caps, automated dispensing systems make taking medications quick and easy. Automated dispensing systems store and dispense pills as well as track missed doses [14]. As always, ask your doctor which type of dispenser may be right for you. A similar product that may help is a smart pill bottle, which tracks the time an individual takes their medication and provides reminders or alerts when they are late for their dose [15]. 

Managing Specific Medication Challenges

Addressing Swallowing Difficulties

You should never feel embarrassed to tell your doctor that you have trouble swallowing pills. Many people struggle with this. Up to 40% of adults struggle to swallow pills [16]. There may be alternative routes to swallowing pills depending on the particular medication, such as liquid, chewable, or dissolvable forms. 

Never crush up a pill before asking your doctor about it first. They can best advise whether or not this is safe. Crushing certain pills can be extremely dangerous and can even lead to death, as many pills have special coatings that prevent the medication from releasing all at once [17]. Crushing the pill destroys this coating and can allow a dangerous amount of the medication to release. 

Work with your doctor and pharmacist to find alternatives or practice techniques that make it easier to swallow your medication. For example, they may suggest practicing swallowing the medication with applesauce instead of water [18]. 

Managing Complex Timing and Instructions

While some medications may not require specific timing requirements, others have ones you must follow for the medication to work properly [19]. Always ensure you fully understand the timing requirements of your medication before leaving your appointment. Your doctor is there to answer any questions you may have about when to take the medication, how many times a day to take it, if it needs to be taken with food, etc. To adhere to these requirements, set automatic reminders on your phone that go off at the same time every day. You can also utilize smart pill bottles, as mentioned previously, or ask a loved one to remind you to take your medication at the same time. 

Likewise, just because a medicine says it should be taken “as needed” doesn’t mean there are no precautions regarding how often you should take the medication. Always read the label of the medication and ask your doctor about how often you should take an “as-needed” medication, how many pills are appropriate in one day, and any other requirements. 

You should tie your medications’ requirements into your daily routine. For example, if certain medications need to be taken in the morning with food, it’s best to wake up around the same time each day and eat breakfast before taking your medication. This will ensure that you take the medication at the same time each day and that you don’t experience side effects due to taking it on an empty stomach. Likewise, if you have a busy schedule, create a plan for how you will take your medications on the go so you don’t forget or lose your medications while you are busy. 

The Role of Caregivers in Medication Support

Having a caregiver help manage your medication can make a huge difference in the ease of this process. But how much help is too much help? Everyone’s experience is different, and therefore, the amount of help you may need depends on your conditions, lifestyle, and responsibilities. For example, if you have conditions that affect your memory, you may require extra assistance with taking your medications on time every day. Likewise, if you have issues with mobility or dexterity, you may need someone to open your medication bottles and help you take your medications. It’s important to have a conversation with both your caregiver and your doctor about what medication responsibilities you can and can’t handle so that you can make an appropriate support plan. 

While your caregiver may be responsible for reminding you to take your medications or being present while you take them, it’s important to maintain a certain level of independence. Although your caregiver may be handing you your medications, try to stay present during the process and understand why you are taking the medication. Make sure to tell your doctor and caregiver about side effects you may experience. 

There may be some times in your life when you can handle managing your medications on your own, and some when you’ll need the extra help. Both are okay. 

Medication Safety and Emergency Preparedness

It’s essential to be aware of the warning signs of adverse reactions. Common adverse reactions to a medication include, but are not limited to, upset stomach, dry mouth, and drowsiness [20]. While these adverse reactions are common and may not be dangerous, more severe reactions can also occur, like fever, swelling, wheezing, and even anaphylaxis [21]. If you experience an alarming reaction, call emergency medical help immediately. In case of emergencies, it’s smart to carry a list of all the medications you are taking with you at all times. You can keep this list in your wallet or purse. 

You’ll also want to consider how to maintain your medication schedule when your normal schedule changes. For example, if you are traveling, ensure you bring enough of your medication with you to last for the entirety of your trip, plus a few extra days. You never know when a travel delay could occur. 

Finally, it’s important to understand how to properly dispose of your medications. If you must dispose of your unused or expired medication, drop it off at a drug take-back location or mail it using a drug mail-back envelope [22]. If you are unable to dispose of them these ways, check the FDA flush list and see if your medication is on it. If so, flush the medication down the toilet [22]. If not, follow these FDA directions for throwing away your medications.

Building Your Personalized Medication Management System

Now that you know the dos and don’ts of medication management, assess your current medication management techniques and which areas need improvement. Implementing improved organization and safety habits can take time and support, but they are essential for your health. For ongoing medication management support, reach out to Greater Good Health. We will be there for you every step of the way as you navigate your medication journey. 

References:

1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741123003431 
2. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/polypharmacy-in-adults-60-and-older 
3. https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/dangers-polypharmacy-and-case-deprescribing-older-adults 
4. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/tips-seniors/you-age-you-and-your-medicines 
5. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11395048/ 
6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4906299/ 
7. https://www.adsc.com/blog/how-an-electronic-prescription-works 
8. https://herohealth.com/blog/medication-management/what-is-the-best-type-of-pill-organizer/ 
9. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000616.htm 
10. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007287.htm 
11. https://www.baystatehealth.org/articles/medication-storage-temperature-guidelines 
12. https://bjgp.org/content/74/740/e183 
13. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/cutting-pills-in-half 
14. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9891784/ 
15. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9584037/ 
16. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/when-pills-pose-problems 
17. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/55205#1 
18. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-tricks-make-easier-swallow-pills-201411137515 
19. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/research/timing-of-medications 
20. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/research/timing-of-medications 
21. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371835
22. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/safe-disposal-medicines/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know